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<oai_dc:dc xmlns:oai_dc="http://www.openarchives.org/OAI/2.0/oai_dc/" xmlns:dc="http://purl.org/dc/elements/1.1/" xmlns:xsi="http://www.w3.org/2001/XMLSchema-instance" xsi:schemaLocation="http://www.openarchives.org/OAI/2.0/oai_dc/ http://www.openarchives.org/OAI/2.0/oai_dc.xsd">
  <dc:date>2025-02-13</dc:date>
  <dc:title>Genomes of bats and two close-related species</dc:title>
  <dc:identifier>doi:10.57760/sciencedb.11285</dc:identifier>
  <dc:language>en</dc:language>
  <dc:description>1.&amp;nbsp;Samples,&amp;nbsp;DNA&amp;nbsp;extraction&amp;nbsp;and&amp;nbsp;genome&amp;nbsp;sequencingAll&amp;nbsp;animal&amp;nbsp;care&amp;nbsp;and&amp;nbsp;research&amp;nbsp;protocols&amp;nbsp;of&amp;nbsp;this&amp;nbsp;study&amp;nbsp;were&amp;nbsp;approved&amp;nbsp;by&amp;nbsp;the&amp;nbsp;Institute&amp;nbsp;of&amp;nbsp;Zoology,&amp;nbsp;Chinese&amp;nbsp;Academy&amp;nbsp;of&amp;nbsp;Sciences.1.1&amp;nbsp;Sample&amp;nbsp;processingOur&amp;nbsp;bat&amp;nbsp;samples&amp;nbsp;were&amp;nbsp;from&amp;nbsp;two&amp;nbsp;sources,&amp;nbsp;one&amp;nbsp;from&amp;nbsp;the&amp;nbsp;collected&amp;nbsp;dying&amp;nbsp;or&amp;nbsp;injured&amp;nbsp;bat&amp;nbsp;individuals&amp;nbsp;as&amp;nbsp;well&amp;nbsp;as&amp;nbsp;corpses&amp;nbsp;in&amp;nbsp;the&amp;nbsp;field&amp;nbsp;and&amp;nbsp;another&amp;nbsp;from&amp;nbsp;the&amp;nbsp;muscle&amp;nbsp;tissues&amp;nbsp;soaked&amp;nbsp;in&amp;nbsp;anhydrous&amp;nbsp;ethanol.&amp;nbsp;Additionally,&amp;nbsp;two&amp;nbsp;outgroups&amp;nbsp;Amur&amp;nbsp;hedgehog&amp;nbsp;(Erinaceus&amp;nbsp;amurensis)&amp;nbsp;and&amp;nbsp;Chinese&amp;nbsp;mole&amp;nbsp;shrew&amp;nbsp;(Anourosorex&amp;nbsp;squamipes),&amp;nbsp;were&amp;nbsp;sampled&amp;nbsp;from&amp;nbsp;the&amp;nbsp;injured&amp;nbsp;individuals&amp;nbsp;in&amp;nbsp;the&amp;nbsp;wild.1.2&amp;nbsp;Genomic&amp;nbsp;DNA&amp;nbsp;extractionThe&amp;nbsp;genomic&amp;nbsp;DNA&amp;nbsp;was&amp;nbsp;extracted&amp;nbsp;from&amp;nbsp;the&amp;nbsp;muscle&amp;nbsp;tissue&amp;nbsp;of&amp;nbsp;bat&amp;nbsp;samples.&amp;nbsp;Bat&amp;nbsp;muscle&amp;nbsp;tissues&amp;nbsp;were&amp;nbsp;cut&amp;nbsp;from&amp;nbsp;the&amp;nbsp;euthanasia&amp;nbsp;individuals&amp;nbsp;and&amp;nbsp;then&amp;nbsp;grounded&amp;nbsp;with&amp;nbsp;liquid&amp;nbsp;nitrogen&amp;nbsp;to&amp;nbsp;the&amp;nbsp;lab&amp;nbsp;and&amp;nbsp;finally&amp;nbsp;transferred&amp;nbsp;to&amp;nbsp;nuclear&amp;nbsp;isolation&amp;nbsp;buffer.&amp;nbsp;After&amp;nbsp;a&amp;nbsp;10&amp;nbsp;minutes&amp;nbsp;of&amp;nbsp;incubation&amp;nbsp;on&amp;nbsp;the&amp;nbsp;ice,&amp;nbsp;nuclei&amp;nbsp;were&amp;nbsp;concentrated&amp;nbsp;followed&amp;nbsp;by&amp;nbsp;several&amp;nbsp;rounds&amp;nbsp;of&amp;nbsp;filter&amp;nbsp;and&amp;nbsp;centrifugation.&amp;nbsp;The&amp;nbsp;nuclei&amp;nbsp;were&amp;nbsp;then&amp;nbsp;embedded&amp;nbsp;in&amp;nbsp;low&amp;nbsp;melting-point&amp;nbsp;agarose&amp;nbsp;gel&amp;nbsp;and&amp;nbsp;lysed&amp;nbsp;in&amp;nbsp;lysis&amp;nbsp;buffer.&amp;nbsp;EDTA,&amp;nbsp;phenylmethylsulfonyl&amp;nbsp;fluoride&amp;nbsp;(PMSF),&amp;nbsp;and&amp;nbsp;TE&amp;nbsp;buffer&amp;nbsp;were&amp;nbsp;used&amp;nbsp;to&amp;nbsp;purify&amp;nbsp;the&amp;nbsp;genomic&amp;nbsp;DNA.&amp;nbsp;Finally,&amp;nbsp;beta-agarase&amp;nbsp;I&amp;nbsp;was&amp;nbsp;added&amp;nbsp;to&amp;nbsp;the&amp;nbsp;agarose&amp;nbsp;gel&amp;nbsp;to&amp;nbsp;hydrolyze&amp;nbsp;it&amp;nbsp;and&amp;nbsp;recover&amp;nbsp;high-molecular-weight&amp;nbsp;(HMW)&amp;nbsp;DNA.&amp;nbsp;For&amp;nbsp;DNA&amp;nbsp;quantification,&amp;nbsp;we&amp;nbsp;used&amp;nbsp;Qubit,&amp;nbsp;and&amp;nbsp;for&amp;nbsp;DNA&amp;nbsp;fragment&amp;nbsp;size&amp;nbsp;evaluation,&amp;nbsp;we&amp;nbsp;used&amp;nbsp;pulsed-field&amp;nbsp;gel&amp;nbsp;electrophoresis&amp;nbsp;(PFGE).1.3&amp;nbsp;Library&amp;nbsp;construction&amp;nbsp;and&amp;nbsp;sequencingThe&amp;nbsp;HMW&amp;nbsp;genomic&amp;nbsp;DNA&amp;nbsp;was&amp;nbsp;used&amp;nbsp;to&amp;nbsp;construct&amp;nbsp;the&amp;nbsp;single-tube&amp;nbsp;Long&amp;nbsp;Fragment&amp;nbsp;Read&amp;nbsp;(stLFR)&amp;nbsp;library&amp;nbsp;using&amp;nbsp;the&amp;nbsp;MGI&amp;nbsp;Easy&amp;nbsp;stLFR&amp;nbsp;Library&amp;nbsp;Prep&amp;nbsp;Kit&amp;nbsp;(MGI,&amp;nbsp;Shenzhen,&amp;nbsp;China)&amp;nbsp;following&amp;nbsp;the&amp;nbsp;manufacturer&amp;rsquo;s&amp;nbsp;protocol(Wang&amp;nbsp;et&amp;nbsp;al.,&amp;nbsp;2019).&amp;nbsp;Transposons&amp;nbsp;were&amp;nbsp;used&amp;nbsp;to&amp;nbsp;insert&amp;nbsp;a&amp;nbsp;hybridization&amp;nbsp;sequence&amp;nbsp;every&amp;nbsp;200-1000&amp;nbsp;bp&amp;nbsp;(base&amp;nbsp;pairs)&amp;nbsp;on&amp;nbsp;HMW&amp;nbsp;genomic&amp;nbsp;DNA&amp;nbsp;molecules.&amp;nbsp;Then&amp;nbsp;the&amp;nbsp;transposon-integrated&amp;nbsp;DNA&amp;nbsp;was&amp;nbsp;mixed&amp;nbsp;with&amp;nbsp;beads.&amp;nbsp;Each&amp;nbsp;bead&amp;nbsp;contained&amp;nbsp;400,000&amp;nbsp;copies&amp;nbsp;of&amp;nbsp;an&amp;nbsp;adapter&amp;nbsp;sequence&amp;nbsp;which&amp;nbsp;involved&amp;nbsp;a&amp;nbsp;unique&amp;nbsp;barcode&amp;nbsp;shared&amp;nbsp;by&amp;nbsp;all&amp;nbsp;adapters&amp;nbsp;on&amp;nbsp;the&amp;nbsp;bead,&amp;nbsp;a&amp;nbsp;common&amp;nbsp;PCR&amp;nbsp;primer&amp;nbsp;site,&amp;nbsp;and&amp;nbsp;a&amp;nbsp;common&amp;nbsp;capture&amp;nbsp;sequence&amp;nbsp;complementary&amp;nbsp;to&amp;nbsp;the&amp;nbsp;sequence&amp;nbsp;on&amp;nbsp;the&amp;nbsp;integrated&amp;nbsp;transposons.&amp;nbsp;After&amp;nbsp;capturing&amp;nbsp;the&amp;nbsp;genomic&amp;nbsp;DNA&amp;nbsp;on&amp;nbsp;the&amp;nbsp;beads,&amp;nbsp;the&amp;nbsp;transposons&amp;nbsp;were&amp;nbsp;ligated&amp;nbsp;to&amp;nbsp;the&amp;nbsp;barcode&amp;nbsp;adapters.&amp;nbsp;PCR&amp;nbsp;was&amp;nbsp;performed&amp;nbsp;after&amp;nbsp;the&amp;nbsp;ligation&amp;nbsp;step.&amp;nbsp;The&amp;nbsp;stLFR&amp;nbsp;library&amp;nbsp;was&amp;nbsp;sequenced&amp;nbsp;on&amp;nbsp;BGISEQ&amp;nbsp;500&amp;nbsp;and&amp;nbsp;DNBSEQ&amp;nbsp;T1&amp;nbsp;platforms.&amp;nbsp;We&amp;nbsp;also&amp;nbsp;constructed&amp;nbsp;Hi-C&amp;nbsp;libraries&amp;nbsp;from&amp;nbsp;bats&amp;nbsp;to&amp;nbsp;anchor&amp;nbsp;scaffolds&amp;nbsp;onto&amp;nbsp;the&amp;nbsp;chromosome.&amp;nbsp;In&amp;nbsp;brief,&amp;nbsp;freshly&amp;nbsp;cut&amp;nbsp;muscle&amp;nbsp;tissues&amp;nbsp;were&amp;nbsp;vacuum&amp;nbsp;infiltrated&amp;nbsp;in&amp;nbsp;nuclei&amp;nbsp;isolation&amp;nbsp;buffer&amp;nbsp;supplemented&amp;nbsp;with&amp;nbsp;2%&amp;nbsp;formaldehyde.&amp;nbsp;The&amp;nbsp;addition&amp;nbsp;of&amp;nbsp;glycine&amp;nbsp;and&amp;nbsp;additional&amp;nbsp;vacuum&amp;nbsp;infiltration&amp;nbsp;stopped&amp;nbsp;crosslinking.&amp;nbsp;Fixed&amp;nbsp;tissue&amp;nbsp;was&amp;nbsp;grounded&amp;nbsp;to&amp;nbsp;powder&amp;nbsp;before&amp;nbsp;being&amp;nbsp;resuspended&amp;nbsp;in&amp;nbsp;nuclei&amp;nbsp;isolation&amp;nbsp;buffer&amp;nbsp;to&amp;nbsp;obtain&amp;nbsp;a&amp;nbsp;nuclei&amp;nbsp;suspension.&amp;nbsp;Purified&amp;nbsp;nuclei&amp;nbsp;were&amp;nbsp;digested&amp;nbsp;with&amp;nbsp;MboI&amp;nbsp;restriction&amp;nbsp;enzyme&amp;nbsp;and&amp;nbsp;stained&amp;nbsp;by&amp;nbsp;biotin-14-dATP.&amp;nbsp;T4&amp;nbsp;DNA&amp;nbsp;polymerase&amp;nbsp;removed&amp;nbsp;biotin-14-dATP&amp;nbsp;from&amp;nbsp;non-ligated&amp;nbsp;DNA&amp;nbsp;ends.&amp;nbsp;The&amp;nbsp;ligated&amp;nbsp;DNA&amp;nbsp;was&amp;nbsp;sheared&amp;nbsp;into&amp;nbsp;300-600&amp;nbsp;bp&amp;nbsp;fragments,&amp;nbsp;blunt-end&amp;nbsp;repaired&amp;nbsp;and&amp;nbsp;A-tailed,&amp;nbsp;and&amp;nbsp;purified&amp;nbsp;using&amp;nbsp;biotin-streptavidin-mediated&amp;nbsp;pull&amp;nbsp;down.&amp;nbsp;The&amp;nbsp;Hi-C&amp;nbsp;libraries&amp;nbsp;were&amp;nbsp;then&amp;nbsp;sequenced&amp;nbsp;on&amp;nbsp;BGISEQ&amp;nbsp;500/DNBSEQ&amp;nbsp;T1&amp;nbsp;platform.&amp;nbsp;In&amp;nbsp;total,&amp;nbsp;we&amp;nbsp;obtained&amp;nbsp;an&amp;nbsp;average&amp;nbsp;size&amp;nbsp;of&amp;nbsp;365&amp;nbsp;Gb&amp;nbsp;(gigabase)&amp;nbsp;raw&amp;nbsp;stLFR&amp;nbsp;data&amp;nbsp;for&amp;nbsp;19&amp;nbsp;species,&amp;nbsp;and&amp;nbsp;362Gb&amp;nbsp;raw&amp;nbsp;Hi-C&amp;nbsp;data&amp;nbsp;on&amp;nbsp;average&amp;nbsp;for&amp;nbsp;12&amp;nbsp;species&amp;nbsp;(Supplementary&amp;nbsp;Table&amp;nbsp;3).1.4&amp;nbsp;Data&amp;nbsp;quality&amp;nbsp;controlSince&amp;nbsp;stLFR&amp;nbsp;reads&amp;nbsp;contained&amp;nbsp;barcode&amp;nbsp;sequences,&amp;nbsp;we&amp;nbsp;separated&amp;nbsp;the&amp;nbsp;barcode&amp;nbsp;from&amp;nbsp;genomic&amp;nbsp;sequencing&amp;nbsp;reads&amp;nbsp;first.&amp;nbsp;The&amp;nbsp;genomic&amp;nbsp;sequencing&amp;nbsp;reads&amp;nbsp;were&amp;nbsp;then&amp;nbsp;filtered&amp;nbsp;using&amp;nbsp;SOAPfilter&amp;nbsp;v2.2&amp;nbsp;software.&amp;nbsp;Reads&amp;nbsp;with&amp;nbsp;more&amp;nbsp;than&amp;nbsp;10%&amp;nbsp;low-quality&amp;nbsp;bases&amp;nbsp;(Q&amp;lt;10)&amp;nbsp;were&amp;nbsp;discarded.&amp;nbsp;Adapter&amp;nbsp;contamination&amp;nbsp;and&amp;nbsp;PCR&amp;nbsp;duplication&amp;nbsp;reads&amp;nbsp;were&amp;nbsp;also&amp;nbsp;filtered.&amp;nbsp;Meanwhile,&amp;nbsp;we&amp;nbsp;used&amp;nbsp;SOAPnuke&amp;nbsp;v1.5.6&amp;nbsp;software&amp;nbsp;to&amp;nbsp;filter&amp;nbsp;Hi-C&amp;nbsp;reads.&amp;nbsp;Reads&amp;nbsp;with&amp;nbsp;more&amp;nbsp;than&amp;nbsp;50%&amp;nbsp;bases&amp;nbsp;whose&amp;nbsp;quality&amp;nbsp;is&amp;nbsp;lower&amp;nbsp;than&amp;nbsp;five5&amp;nbsp;or&amp;nbsp;N&amp;nbsp;rate&amp;nbsp;greater&amp;nbsp;than&amp;nbsp;5%&amp;nbsp;were&amp;nbsp;discarded.&amp;nbsp;Reads&amp;nbsp;contaminated&amp;nbsp;by&amp;nbsp;adapters&amp;nbsp;were&amp;nbsp;also&amp;nbsp;filtered.&amp;nbsp;Following&amp;nbsp;read&amp;nbsp;filtration,&amp;nbsp;we&amp;nbsp;obtained&amp;nbsp;an&amp;nbsp;average&amp;nbsp;of&amp;nbsp;231&amp;nbsp;Gb&amp;nbsp;clean&amp;nbsp;reads&amp;nbsp;from&amp;nbsp;the&amp;nbsp;stLFR&amp;nbsp;library&amp;nbsp;and&amp;nbsp;352Gb&amp;nbsp;clean&amp;nbsp;reads&amp;nbsp;from&amp;nbsp;the&amp;nbsp;Hi-C&amp;nbsp;library.&amp;nbsp;The&amp;nbsp;average&amp;nbsp;Q30&amp;nbsp;of&amp;nbsp;stLFR&amp;nbsp;clean&amp;nbsp;data&amp;nbsp;and&amp;nbsp;Hi-C&amp;nbsp;clean&amp;nbsp;data&amp;nbsp;were&amp;nbsp;90.90%&amp;nbsp;and&amp;nbsp;91.66%,&amp;nbsp;respectively&amp;nbsp;(Supplementary&amp;nbsp;Table&amp;nbsp;3).2.&amp;nbsp;Genome&amp;nbsp;assembly2.1&amp;nbsp;Genome&amp;nbsp;assemblyWe&amp;nbsp;assembled&amp;nbsp;the&amp;nbsp;bat&amp;nbsp;genomes&amp;nbsp;using&amp;nbsp;the&amp;nbsp;stlfr2supernova&amp;nbsp;pipeline&amp;nbsp;(https://github.com/BGI-Qingdao/stlfr2supernova_pipeline).&amp;nbsp;Briefly,&amp;nbsp;we&amp;nbsp;first&amp;nbsp;split&amp;nbsp;the&amp;nbsp;barcode&amp;nbsp;sequences&amp;nbsp;from&amp;nbsp;the&amp;nbsp;raw&amp;nbsp;reads.&amp;nbsp;Then,&amp;nbsp;the&amp;nbsp;split&amp;nbsp;reads&amp;nbsp;were&amp;nbsp;filtered&amp;nbsp;using&amp;nbsp;SOAPfilter&amp;nbsp;v2.2&amp;nbsp;with&amp;nbsp;the&amp;nbsp;parameter&amp;nbsp;&amp;ldquo;-y&amp;nbsp;-p&amp;nbsp;-M&amp;nbsp;2&amp;nbsp;-f&amp;nbsp;-1&amp;nbsp;-Q&amp;nbsp;10&amp;rdquo;.&amp;nbsp;The&amp;nbsp;clean&amp;nbsp;reads&amp;nbsp;and&amp;nbsp;barcode&amp;nbsp;frequency&amp;nbsp;file&amp;nbsp;were&amp;nbsp;transformed&amp;nbsp;into&amp;nbsp;the&amp;nbsp;input&amp;nbsp;format&amp;nbsp;of&amp;nbsp;Supernova&amp;nbsp;v2.1.1(Weisenfeld&amp;nbsp;et&amp;nbsp;al.,&amp;nbsp;2017).&amp;nbsp;And&amp;nbsp;we&amp;nbsp;run&amp;nbsp;Supernova&amp;nbsp;v2.1.1&amp;nbsp;with&amp;nbsp;command&amp;nbsp;&amp;ldquo;supernova&amp;nbsp;run&amp;nbsp;--maxreads=2140000000&amp;nbsp;--nopreflight&amp;nbsp;--accept-extreme-coverage&amp;rdquo;.&amp;nbsp;The&amp;nbsp;initial&amp;nbsp;assembly&amp;nbsp;was&amp;nbsp;generated&amp;nbsp;under&amp;nbsp;&amp;ldquo;pseudohap&amp;rdquo;&amp;nbsp;style&amp;nbsp;in&amp;nbsp;Supernova.&amp;nbsp;After&amp;nbsp;we&amp;nbsp;got&amp;nbsp;the&amp;nbsp;initial&amp;nbsp;assembly,&amp;nbsp;we&amp;nbsp;used&amp;nbsp;Gapcloser&amp;nbsp;software&amp;nbsp;to&amp;nbsp;fill&amp;nbsp;gaps&amp;nbsp;between&amp;nbsp;contigs&amp;nbsp;within&amp;nbsp;the&amp;nbsp;same&amp;nbsp;scaffolds.&amp;nbsp;Since&amp;nbsp;the&amp;nbsp;initial&amp;nbsp;assembly&amp;nbsp;size&amp;nbsp;was&amp;nbsp;a&amp;nbsp;little&amp;nbsp;large&amp;nbsp;than&amp;nbsp;the&amp;nbsp;estimated&amp;nbsp;size,&amp;nbsp;we&amp;nbsp;used&amp;nbsp;purge_haplotigs&amp;nbsp;software&amp;nbsp;v1.1.1(Roach&amp;nbsp;et&amp;nbsp;al.,&amp;nbsp;2018)&amp;nbsp;to&amp;nbsp;remove&amp;nbsp;the&amp;nbsp;redundancy&amp;nbsp;sequences&amp;nbsp;to&amp;nbsp;get&amp;nbsp;the&amp;nbsp;draft&amp;nbsp;assembly.2.2&amp;nbsp;Chromosome&amp;nbsp;anchoringA total of twelve samples had Hi-C data except seven bats, Harpiocephalus harpia, Tylonycteris fulvida, Pipistrellus javanicus, Scotomanes ornatus, Barbastella leucomelas, Scotophilus kuhlii and Chaerephon plicatus. Hi-C clean reads were preprocessed using HiC-Pro pipeline v2.8.0(Servant et al., 2015) to obtain valid pairs of reads involving two different restriction fragments for anchoring. Valid Hi-C read pairs were was were aligned to the genome using Juicer v1.5 pipeline(Durand et al., 2016), and duplicates and near-duplicates were removed. A list of Hi-C contacts was generated from valid read pairs. The draft assembly and Hi-C contacts list were put into a 3D de novo assembly (3d-dna, v170123) pipeline(Dudchenko et al., 2017). And the karyotype of species was also used as an input parameter to assist clustering. After a series of iterations of misjoin correction, scaffolds were anchored, ordered, and oriented to pseudochromosomes. To visualize the contact density map, the software Juicebox v1.11.08 software was utilized, followed by a manual calibration if there was still any misjoin. The scaffolding fault in the assembly was manually polished.</dc:description>
  <dc:subject>bat ; whole genome resequence; genome</dc:subject>
  <dc:creator>Gaoming Liu</dc:creator>
  <dc:creator>Qi Pan</dc:creator>
  <dc:creator>Pingfen Zhu</dc:creator>
  <dc:creator>Xinyu Guo</dc:creator>
  <dc:creator>Zhan Zhang</dc:creator>
  <dc:creator>Zihao Li</dc:creator>
  <dc:creator>Meng Li</dc:creator>
  <dc:creator>Xuming Zhou</dc:creator>
  <dc:rights>PUBLIC</dc:rights>
  <dc:rights>https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc-sa/4.0/</dc:rights>
  <dc:type>dataset</dc:type>
  <dc:relation>http://www.doi.org/10.1093/molbev/msae208</dc:relation>
  <dc:publisher>Science Data Bank</dc:publisher>
</oai_dc:dc>

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