2026-10-13T20:42:17Z https://www.scidb.cn/oai

10.57760/sciencedb.37384 2026-05-25T18:04:25Z

2026-05-25 Scientific Analysis of Beads Unearthed from Tomb M38 at Changshannan Cemetery, Huaibei City, Anhui Province, China doi:10.57760/sciencedb.37384 en This study presents the results of a multi-analytical investigation of beads unearthed from a Warring States period tomb in Huaibei, Anhui Province, China. The analytical techniques employed include portable X-ray fluorescence (pXRF), micro-X-ray fluorescence (μXRF), laser Raman spectroscopy, laser ablation-inductively coupled plasma-mass spectrometry (LA-ICP-MS) and optical microscopy (OM). The results indicated that all of the samples are locally produced lead-barium silicate artefacts which can be classified into three distinct types: compound eye lead-barium glass beads, monochrome lead-barium glass beads, and compound eye lead-barium faience beads. The glass beads were manufactured using the winding method, with their eye decorations formed through a layered inlay process. The faience beads consist of a body surrounded by a multi-layered outer glaze: the body is made of a silica- and lead- rich material, while the outer decoration involves applying multiple layers of glaze using the direct glazing method. Glass beads are coloured by transition metal ions, whereas the blue and brown glaze layers of faience beads are coloured by Chinese blue (BaCuSi₄O₁₀) and hematite, respectively. The high strontium content of the lead-barium samples indicates the use of witherite sourced from the metallogenic belt of the Qinling–Daba Mountains. Rare earth element patterns suggest that the lead-barium faience and lead-barium glass originated in different locations, possibly the Central Plains region in the case of the former. This study provides new scientific evidence for the technological diversity and raw material networks involved in glass production during the Warring States period. lead-barium glass; lead-barium faience; compound eye beads; manufacturing techniques; raw material sources Song Jiajia Chen Chao Yao regime Yang Juan Liu Song Li Qinghui dong jun qing EMBARGO https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/4.0/ dataset Science Data Bank