2026-10-14T11:22:33Z https://www.scidb.cn/oai

10.57760/sciencedb.39571 2026-06-23T00:24:37Z

2026-06-23 Dataset on the use of electroresponsive sorafenib-loaded polypyrrole films for tumor ablation doi:10.57760/sciencedb.39571 en 1 Morphological Characterization, Chemical Structure, and Composition AnalysisThe surface morphology of NiTi, NiTi-PPy, and NiTi-PPy-S was examined using a scanning electron microscope (SEM). Prior to observation, the samples were mounted on the sample stage and gold-sputtered to enhance conductivity. SEM images were acquired at an acceleration voltage of 15 kV.2 Chemical Structure and Composition AnalysisFourier-transform infrared spectroscopy (FTIR) was used to analyze the molecular structure and characteristic functional groups of the samples in the range of 400–4,000 cm⁻¹. X-ray diffraction (XRD) was employed to evaluate the phase and structural characteristics of the substrate and deposited films. X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy (XPS) was used to determine the elemental composition and chemical state of the sample surface, with binding energy calibration performed using the C 1s line. Zeta potential analysis was employed to investigate changes in surface charge before and after sorafenib loading.3 Electrochemical Performance and Conductivity TestingElectrochemical testing was conducted at room temperature using a three-electrode system with 0.01 M PBS as the electrolyte. Prior to testing, all samples were soaked in PBS for 1 h to stabilize the open-circuit potential. Cyclic voltammetry (CV) was used to evaluate the redox activity of the films. Electrochemical impedance spectroscopy (EIS) was used to analyze interfacial charge transfer capability over a frequency range of 0.1 Hz to 100 kHz with an AC perturbation amplitude of 10 mV. Surface conductivity of different samples was measured using the four-point probe method. Measurements were repeated at multiple locations on each sample, and the average values were used for analysis.4 Sorafenib Electro-responsive ReleaseFirst, a standard curve was established by measuring the absorbance of a sorafenib solution at its characteristic absorption wavelength. In the electro-responsive release test, NiTi-PPy-S samples were immersed in a 0.9% NaCl solution, and different voltages (0, 0.3, 0.6, and 0.9 V) were applied. The release solution was collected at predetermined time points, and the sorafenib concentration was determined by UV-visible spectrophotometry.5 Co-culture of Cells with NiTi-Based Samples5.1 Cell CultureHepA1-6 cells and HUVECs were cultured in complete medium under humid conditions at 37°C and 5% CO₂. The medium was changed periodically according to cell growth status, and cells were passaged every 2–3 days.5.2 Cytotoxicity and ProliferationHepa1-6 cells and HUVECs were seeded separately onto NiTi, NiTi-PPy, and NiTi-PPy-S surfaces. To evaluate the intrinsic biocompatibility of the materials, cells were cultured on different sample surfaces in the absence of ES. To evaluate the cytotoxic effects of ES, cells were cultured on the sample surfaces and then exposed to ES. Cell viability was assessed using Calcein-AM/PI live/dead staining. Cell proliferation and survival were further quantified at predetermined time points using the CCK-8 assay.5.3 Apoptosis AnalysisApoptosis was analyzed using Annexin V-FITC/PI staining and flow cytometry. Hepa1-6 cells and HUVECs were cultured on different sample surfaces. After treatment with or without ES, the cells were harvested, washed with PBS, and stained according to the kit instructions. The proportions of live cells, early apoptotic cells, late apoptotic/necrotic cells, and dead cells were analyzed.6 Analysis of the Mechanism by Which ES Induces Tumor Cell Death6.1 Mitochondrial Membrane PotentialJC-1 staining was used to detect the mitochondrial membrane potential of Hepa1-6 cells and HUVECs after ES treatment. Red fluorescence indicates JC-1 aggregates in healthy mitochondria, suggesting a stable membrane potential; green fluorescence indicates JC-1 monomers, suggesting mitochondrial membrane depolarization.6.2 Intracellular Ca²⁺ DetectionFluo-4 AM staining was used to detect intracellular Ca²⁺ levels. After cells were cultured on different sample surfaces and treated with ES, they were incubated with Fluo-4 AM staining solution and observed using a confocal microscope.6.3 Mitochondrial Ca²⁺ DetectionRhod-2 AM staining was used to evaluate mitochondrial Ca²⁺ accumulation. Following ES treatment, cells were stained with Rhod-2 AM and imaged to assess mitochondrial Ca²⁺ overload.6.4 RT-qPCR AnalysisFollowing ES treatment, total RNA was extracted from cells on the surfaces of different samples. After reverse transcription of the RNA into cDNA, the expression of apoptosis-related genes such as Caspase-3 and Bcl-2 was analyzed by RT-qPCR. Relative gene expression levels were calculated using an appropriate internal control gene.7 In Vivo Tumor AblationA subcutaneous Hepa1-6 tumor model was established in healthy Balb/c nude mice. After tumor formation, the mice were randomly divided into six groups: -ES-NiTi, -ES-NiTi-PPy, -ES-NiTi-PPy-S, +ES-NiTi-PPy, and +ES-NiTi-PPy-S. The corresponding samples were implanted into the tumor region. The ES group received daily electrical stimulation at 0.9 V for 20 minutes. Tumor volume, total body weight, and post-tumor resection body weight were recorded during the treatment period. After 13 days, the mice were euthanized, and tumor tissue and major organs were collected for histological analysis.8 Histology and Immunofluorescence StainingTumor tissue was fixed in 4% paraformaldehyde, embedded in paraffin, and sectioned. Hematoxylin and eosin (H&E) staining was used to evaluate tumor morphology and necrosis, while Masson’s staining was used to assess tissue structure and collagen distribution. TUNEL staining was performed to detect apoptotic cells in tumor tissue. Major organs, including the heart, liver, spleen, lungs, and kidneys, were also stained with H&E to evaluate systemic safety. Nitinol; polypyrrole; electrical stimulation; sorafenib; electrically controlled drug release; tumor ablation Liu Lele RESTRICTED dataset Science Data Bank